The Journal of American History has never printed his name. On Hawaiian statehood in this regard, see Sarah Miller-Davenport, State of the New: Hawaii Statehood and Global Decolonization in American Culture, 19451978 (Ph.D. By then, it had reclaimed its Pacific colonies from Japan. The more states followed Virginias lead, the larger the non-state territory grew. If you have any questions please let me know.! Soo Sung Cho, Korea in World Politics, 19401950: An Evaluation of American Responsibility (Berkeley, CA, 1967), 23, 34. Despite the obvious relevance of territorial issues to the most important events of the nineteenth centuryit was the question of slavery in the territories that sparked the Civil Warwe nevertheless find it easy to conceive of territories as embryonic states, and thus to touch only lightly on their subjugated status. Daniel Immerwahr, The Greater United States: Territory and Empire in U.S. History , Diplomatic History, Volume 40, Issue 3, June 2016, Pages 373391, https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhw009, March 1954 is a month diplomatic historians know well. Diplomatic History used to be like that. United States territorial acquisitions table, Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 08:11, Territorial evolution of the United States, Learn how and when to remove this template message, territorial acquisitions of the United States, "Milestones: 18011829 Office of the Historian", "Milestones: 18301860 Office of the Historian", "Milestones: 18661898 Office of the Historian", "Territorial Acquisitions of the United States", "Why the United States Controls Guantanamo Bay", http://www.waterislandhistory.com/militaryhistory.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_territorial_acquisitions_table&oldid=1140692169, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 08:11. By 1791, when all of the Atlantic states except Georgia had given up their pretentions that their borders stretched to the western edge of the country, the states covered only slightly more than half (55%) of the United States. self-governing commonwealth of the United States, Annexed following Spanish-America War; in 1950 became This has been a common response of cities to urbanization in neighboring areas. 39 It abandoned base sites, in some cases as a response to anti-basing protests. 1 0 obj Oregon Territory. 1845. 1. The problem is not, I hasten to add, a lack of available information. 25. 37, To that accounting should be added the overseas military bases that the United States took during the warthe third arc in the history of the Greater United States. Then there is the Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos High School in the mass-produced suburb of Levittown. Following the United States' annexation of the Philippines, _____ led a revolt against the U.S. that resulted in more U.S. casualties than the number who . (New York, 2006), 179. Bicknell, E. (1904) The territorial acquisitions of the United States, -1904, an historical review. Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. But those familiar borders only held for four years. 47. 29. For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources. In 1960, the non-state population including D.C. was 2.6% and it stayed between 1% and 3% thereafter. U.S. 1959, Annexation of independent republic; Statehood 1959, Acquired with Hawaii; under the jurisdiction of the Course Outcomes explored in this module: Lab Report 328 Adding Texas and Vermont to the pool yields an average time-to-statehood of 42 years. In other words, if you looked up in late 1945 and saw the stars and stripes waving overhead, it was more likely that you lived in a colony or occupied country than that you lived on the mainland. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. 22. Histories of the United States are, by and large, histories of the logo map. of the United States, Geography 20 in 1979, United Nations Trust Territory; self-governing as Northern 1846. 1846. To this day, the drawer in the mahogany table used by the Republican leadership to address the House has a jagged hole in it. Certainly, many inhabitants of the territories have regarded U.S. rule as illegitimate and seen themselves as inhabitants of, for example, the Hawaiian nation rather than of the United States. David Rumsey Map Collection. It would be easy to round those points down to zero, just as it has been easy to round the western territories up to states. The comparison is enlightening. 9; Lauren B. Hirshbergs dissertation about Kwajalein island and neighboring Ebeye, Targeting Kwajalein: U.S. The question of territory was there from the start. This purchase ended Russia's presence in North America and ensured U.S. access to the Pacific northern rim. But to think of the United States as having an informal empire only would be to miss something important. Thus, in these cases of partial annexation, I use 1803 as the start date for LA, MN, ND, SD, MT, OK, and WY; 1845 as the start date for CO and NM; and 1848 as the start date for AZ. But even that familiar story, when viewed through the lens of territoriality, can seem new. - Not only have we learned to tell the history of these places, but weve gone back and realized the importance of other small spaces: including Vieques, Baguio, Kwajalein, and the Bikini atoll. America Acquires Alaska Secretary of State William Seward arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia Showed U. S. Imperialism Also made it clear to the rest of the world that the U. S. was becoming a world power. Yet Williamss school regarded 1898 as symptomatic rather than substantive: the small and visible tip of a much larger imperial iceberg. <> Id like to propose a different unit of analysis, one that counts all of the land over which the United States claims sovereignty as part of the country, and as part of its history. But things are changing quickly. endobj The contraction of the basing network is chronicled in Blaker, United States Overseas Basing , chap. stream We razed sugar mills and factories. In the end, he concluded, there was nothing left. 35, Although the count of U.S. mainland lives lost in the Second World War is precise to the last digit, counts of the lives of colonized subjects lost are at best informed guesses. 5 In my home city of Chicago, there is a public high school named after him (with an adjoining family learning center for teen parents named after Lolita Lebrn, the chief shooter in the 1954 House shootings). On U.S. military calculations in the reconquest of the Philippines, see Richard Connaughton, John Pimlott, and Duncan Anderson, The Battle for Manila (London, 1995). Also available in digital form. 16 The term United States of America has ceased to be an accurate description of the countries over which the Stars and Stripes float, the author of one argued. Congress rejected the proposal, though, partly to avoid the prospect of Indian representatives in the Capitol. Available also Peabody, M. M. (Moody Morse) - Peabody, M. M. Wall map. 1, Number of Inhabitants (Washington, DC: 1942), 12.6% of the population of the Greater United States lived in the overseas territories. Fish and Wildlife Service, Purchased from Spain for $20 millon following 45 But what we are learning is how important those small specks nevertheless are, as they act as staging grounds for precisely the kind of economic, military, and cultural interventions that the Wisconsin School emphasized. Don't use plagiarized sources. 46, The War on Terror has drawn our attention to how crucial small overseas sites can be to the projection of power. I have an assignment, and please dont copy any words and no plagiarism please. There has been an accelerating avalanche of high-profile books on U.S. overseas territory, especially the Philippines. and Germany, Leased from Panama organized, unincorporated U.S. territory, Annexed 1922; later airline refueling; currently By its entry into the First World War in 1917, the United States could appear on the global stage as an ideologically anti-colonial force, even though it still held a sizeable empire. 46. Please read and follow the lab r, Internet Research Of 6 Ids And 6 Vulnerability Management And Assessment Tools 1 6 Although this is strange to contemplate, we are now as chronologically distant from that book as that book was from the Philippine-American War. Surely its meaningful that the present editors of this journal, Nick Cullather and Anne Foster, are both historians of the Philippines. Insular Affairs of the Department of the Interior, Annexed in settlement with Britain and Germany; It culminated in nationalists firing shots at the governors mansion in San Juan and in a very-nearly-successful assassination attempt on President Harry Truman in Washington, D.C. Reporter and political insider Drew Pearson cited the attempt on Trumans life as one of the reasons that Truman didnt run for re-election. Annexation is an unilateral act where territory is seized and held by one state, is distinct from conquest and differs from cession, in which territory is given or sold through treaty. You wont find him anywhere in the Oxford History of the United States , the New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations , or any of the major textbooksincluding those, like Howard Zinns Peoples History of the United States and James W. Loewens Lies My Teacher Told Me , explicitly designed to give voice to suppressed histories. (Oxford, 1989). 1; and Rebecca Tinio McKennas study of a colonial hill station in American Imperial Pastoral: The Architecture of U.S. Colonialism in the Philippines (Chicago, IL, forthcoming). The reason for Oklahomas long period of territorial subjugation is that, for the majority of the nineteenth century, it wasnt Oklahoma but Indian Territory, a legally defined but unorganized all-Indian territory within the United States. It has proved to be such an enduring category of analysis because of its capaciousness. Territories with no indigenous populations, such as Wake Island, are listed as unpopulated, although the United States often stationed military outposts on them. The Oregon Treaty with Great Britain. Arguments for U.S. 30. Geographical crumbs is what Neil Smith called them in his book American Empire . 33, Furthermore, the Japanese-occupied parts of the United States became a Pacific bloodlands. United States Acquisitions and Annexations 1857-1904. 10. 2; Rebecca Lemov on Micronesia as a social scientific laboratory in World as Laboratory: Experiments with Mice, Mazes, and Men (New York, 2005), ch. Map of A map of the United States showing the territorial acquisitions up to the Gadsden Purchase in northern Mexico in 1853. 41. ;?={9+;5[?|XI'UX7ZJA'%N7:B5nbuYq"Q13JLhd Calculated from figures in Franklin K. Van Zandt, Boundaries of the United States and the Several States (Washington, DC, 1966), 26264 and Thomas Donaldson, The Public Domain: Its History, with Statistics (Washington, DC, 1884), 8788. It wound up its occupations, sometimes much faster than it might have (in 1943, Roosevelt suggested that the occupation of Korea should last forty years; it lasted three). In 1898, the rush of imperial expansion encouraged a new understanding of the United States as the Greater United States. chemical weapon disposal site, Purchased from Russia Can we say the same about the overseas territories? of the United States UNITED STATES 1898 1895 Ishorten L GUATEMAL CARAGUA Guam PANTALLA SOUTH AMERICA N Canal W.B. The highest office in the U.S. Army is chief of staff, established in 1903. This intervention eventually brought about changes in the relationships of the United States with Hawaii, Samoa, and China. Passage to statehood did come quickly in some cases, such as gold-rush California. Relief shown by hachures. 24. That is, for perspective, substantially longer than the French possessed Indochina or than King Leopold and Belgium held the Congo. This is a United States territorial acquisitions and conquests list, . More about Copyright and other Restrictions. The Spanish-American war and A defence of the McKinley administration from attacks of Mr. Carl Schurz and other anti-imperialists. Writers, too, registered the change, as they cast about for new ways to refer to the country. Not yet. I calculated 135,341,000 persons in the colonies and occupation zones and 132,481,000 in the continental United States. Imperial maps are discussed in Susan Schulten, The Geographical Imagination in America, 18801950 (Chicago, IL, 2001), 3844, 17680. That is because they dramatically expose the gap between the logo map conception of the United States and the larger conception for which I am arguing. 4. U.S. overseas territories listed by the 1940 census. for $10 million, plus $250,000 annually; ceded to Panama The present historiographical preoccupation with U.S. empire is usually dated to 1959, the year that William Appleman Williamss The Tragedy of American Diplomacy was published. The Greater United States is not my term. Kate Zernike, A Palin Joined Alaskan Third Party, Just Not Sarah Palin, New York Times , September 3, 2008. The Senate approved the treaty of purchase on April 9; President Andrew Johnson signed the treaty on May 28, and Alaska was formally transferred to the United States on October 18, 1867. But that fact can overshadow the territorial purgatory that future states occupied for long periods. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, . The independent United Stated flirted with the idea of annexing Cuba from the time of Thomas Jefferson's' administration. DOCUMENT 3 "Article I: The Government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any . Leadership Task 2 The maps came in two kinds: box maps, which showed the North American landmass plus the colonies arranged in boxes (as Alaska and Hawaii are usually displayed today), and world maps, with all U.S. territory highlighted in color, in the manner of British imperial maps. o :E>vYs~;+&`]J(g(Ql)u Y!+wZ41Y@5 V5Q Z J&j8jkuJ?uFbccuc(d01 Ey?G78%@E^5p;MlCjRM1 a#j@#(#$5|IW:;&,-~P0m. Nevertheless, 8.85% is probably slightly high because, although it does not count black Filipinos and Guamanians (presumably very low numbers in 1940), it classes all non-white Puerto Ricans as black, whereas many were non-black. Pdf. 28 And the annexations continued: Alaska (1867), the 189899 acquisitions (Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, American Samoa), the Panama Canal Zone (1903), the Virgin Islands (1917), and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (1947). The story of western expansion is, of course, well known. Palin herself twice attended Alaska Independence Party conventions. Benedict Anderson called it the logo map. 13. endobj Nationalism waxed, imperialism waned. 26. [Pdf] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/04014391/. The figure I have given for the black population attempts to account for black people throughout the Greater United States, not just on the mainland. Two weeks before Dien Bien Phu, four nationalists entered the House of Representatives in Washington, D.C., made their way to the upstairs Ladies Gallery, unfurled a Puerto Rican flag, pulled out pistols, and fired 29 rounds into the body politic below them. endobj One thinks of Teddy Roosevelt achieving national fame by charging up San Juan Heights in Cuba, William Howard Tafts terms as governor-general in the Philippines and then Secretary of War (with supervision over the colonies), Daniel Burnhams ambitious urban plans for Manila and Baguio, Margaret Meads fieldwork in American Samoa, and New Dealer Rexford Tugwells governorship of Puerto Rico. 52, July 27, 1951, 3; Panama Canal Zone (46): Current Population Reports , Series P-25, No. On March 1, 1784, just 47 days after the Treaty of Paris granting the United States independence was ratified, Virginia ceded its claims over the area north of the Ohio River to the federal government. John O'Sullivan (1813-1895), famously proclaimed that it was "our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence." Shattuc, W. B. U.S. historians have displayed a tremendous interest in the subject of empire for a long time. The country had claimed scattered military bases before, but in 1945, the United States possessed some 30,000 military installations on 2,000 base sites. 11 and 29; and William E. Unrau, The Rise and Fall of Indian Country, 18251855 (Lawrence, KS, 2007). They shot five Congressmen, nearly killing one. According to U.S. Bureau of the Census, Reports on Population, Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940 , vol. Still, empire continues to guide our inquiries. Why were so many new possessions located in the Pacific Ocean? The 18981899 annexations showed U.S. thinkers their country from a new perspective. I prefer the term Greater United States, just so as to avoid confusion with Herbert E. Boltons influential notion of the Greater America, intended to encompass all of the Americas within a single analytical frame. Zone in Germany (17,174): figures from October 1946 census reported in The Demography of War: Germany, Population Index 14 (1948): 299; Continental United States (132,481): Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington, DC: 1975), part I, 8. Wall maps. Profile of the Erie Canal, notes, and illustration in lower margin. Bouda Etemad, Possessing the World: Taking the Measurements of Colonisation from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century , trans.