[10], When the United States purchased Louisiana in 1803, Spain declared that any enslaved person who crossed the Sabine River into Texas would be automatically freed. Charles Heyward of Colleton, South Carolina: 491 slaves. 5 Resources. 5.4 Church Records. In short, from 1821 to 1836, the national government in Mexico City and the state government of Coahuila and Texas often threatened to restrict or destroy African American servitude, but always allowed settlers in Texas a loophole or an exemption. Planters, for example, being generally satisfied with their lives as slaveholders, were largely unwilling to involve themselves in commerce and industry, even if there was a chance for greater profits. Later they were joined by lvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca. Since they politically dominated the state for decades after 1900, the only contest for office was at the primary level. A service of the Moody College of Communication at the University of Texas at Austin, After The Debates, Beto ORourkes Fundraising Slumped, While Julin Castros Jumped, Billionaire Ross Perot Remembered As Patriot, Family Man, Experts Say The Current Plastic Industry Boom Will Be A Bust In Five Years, News Roundup: New Initiative Aims To Register More Texans With Disabilities To Vote, San Antonio Migrant Resource Center Has Helped 30,000 Since March. Austin: Encino Press, 1974. Wood was born into slavery in the early 19th century on a Kentucky farm owned by a man named Moses Tousey, McDaniel writes. John Burneside of Ascension, Louisiana: 753 slaves; Saint James: 187 slaves. Voter's registrations are among the few records which document African American males prior to 1870. Slaves freed in America before the 14th Amendment of the Constitution. This company was created to assist African American soldiers of the Civil War and freed slaves. Most runaways attempted to go to Mexico. [56] Those against this decision typically argue that it unfairly targets key Democratic constituencies such as minority groups and the elderly,[57] while proponents argue that the law's intention is to prevent voting by illegal immigrants. Only one in every four families in antebellum Texas owned slaves, but these slaveholders, especially the planters who held twenty or more slaves, generally constituted the state's wealthiest class. [10], In 1823, Mexico forbade the sale or purchase of people, and required that the children of the enslaved be freed when they reached age fourteen. In 1900, African Americans comprised 20% of the state's population of 3,048,710. Before The Guardian interviewed him for the story, he said neither he nor Amy knew that side of their heritage. 4 Cotton plantations. The original empresario commission given Moses Austin by Spanish authorities in 1821 did not mention slaves, but when Stephen F. Austin was recognized as heir to his father's contract later that year, it was agreed that settlers could receive eighty acres of land for each enslaved person they brought to the colony. Join Geni to explore your genealogy and family history in the World's Largest Family Tree. 3 Research Strategy. Moreover, once the revolution came, slavery was very much on the minds of those involved. The progress of the Civil War did not drastically affect slavery in Texas because no major slaveholding area was invaded. Since the U.S. government was not in effective control of many of these territories until later in the war, many of these people proclaimed to be free by the Emancipation Proclamation were still held in servitude until those areas came back under Union control. Randolph B. On the other hand, there was little comfort and no luxury. [34], Plantation enslaved people generally lived in one or two-room log cabins. "The Texas Slave Insurrection of 1860," by William White. During the pre-Civil War statehood period, a majority of Texans were. [17] At the same time, however, Mexico offered full citizenship to free blacks, including land ownership and other privileges. [31], By 1850, the enslaved population in Texas had increased to 58,161; in 1860 there were 182,566 enslaved, 30 percent of the total population. [40] As early as 1836, Texas slaveholders sent representatives to Matamoros to try to reclaim their runaways, but Mexico refused. Field hands generally labored "from sun to sun" five days a week and half a day on Saturday. [52] By the late 19th century, Texas passed other Jim Crow laws. It contains a very significant number of Texas' African-American population. endstream endobj startxref This page was last modified 06:24, 6 May 2021. In cases where African Americans registered, their race is specified as "colored." Slavery certainly promoted development of the agricultural economy; it provided the labor for a 600 percent increase in cotton production during the 1850s. The last frontier of slavery was by no means closed on the eve of the Civil War. Slavery formally ended in Texas after June 19, 1865 (Juneteenth), when Gen. Gordon Granger arrived at Galveston with occupying federal forces and announced emancipation. Phone: (214) 565-9026, African American Community Archives Program, Austin History Center, Austin Public Library, Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society, Inc.Willie Lee Gay - H-Town Chapter11100 Braesridge, Suite 2202Houston, Texas 77071aahgshtown@yahoo.com, Houston Museum of African American Culture Like Georgia, the Texas Democratic Party adopted a whites-only primary. Settlements grew and developed more land under cultivation in cotton and other commodities. All copyrighted materials included within the Handbook of Texas Online are in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Handbook of Texas Online, [14][15], In 1821 at the conclusion of the Mexican War of Independence, Texas was included in the new nation. Due to the state laws, he would receive half of the price he had paid. There they were raised to be servants. Gleaning Information about Enslaved Ancestors from Probate Files NGS Magazine 48 #2 (April-June 2022): 2327. Some slave hunters illegally traveled to Mexico and captured runaways. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell was confronted with similar information about his ancestors this month, but had a different reaction. A relatively few slaves, perhaps as many as 2,000 between 1835 and 1865, came through the illegal African trade. Meals often consisted of bread, molasses, sweet potatoes, hominy, and beef, chicken, and pork. The greatest concentration of large slave plantations was along the lower Brazos and Colorado rivers in Brazoria, Matagorda, Fort Bend, and Wharton counties. Favorable conditions for free blacks continued into the 1830s. This did not mean that the majority of slaves were content with their status. Sugar and cotton plantations. The eastern quarter of the state, where cotton production depended on thousands of slaves, is considered the westernmost extension of the Deep South. Marie Therese Metoyer was born into slavery but died a rich woman. %PDF-1.6 % In 1876 Texas adopted a new constitution requiring segregated schools and imposing a poll tax, which decreased the number of poor voters both black and white. Houston, Texas 77004, African American Genealogical Interest Group WebThe 1860 slave schedule was used in the following states: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah Territory and Virginia. Some hid in the bayous for a time, while others lived among the Indians, and a few managed to board ships bound for northern or foreign ports. WIKITREE HOME | ABOUT | G2G FORUM | HELP | SEARCH. In Texas, like other southern states, the treatment of slaves varied from plantation to plantation, from master to master. West Feliciana: 127 slaves. As is apparent from the attached list of slave owners on this web site, many people in the county who owned slaves only had one or two. In the 1830s, the British consul estimated that approximately 500enslaved people had been illegally imported into Texas. The Federal Constitution of 1824 did not mention slavery, but the 1827 Constitution of the State of Coahuila and Texas prohibited the further introduction of slaves and declared all children born thereafter to slaves already in the state to be free at birth. WebList of members of the United States Congress who owned slaves A James Abercrombie (congressman) Adelicia Acklen Joseph Alexander Smith Acklen Joseph H. Acklen George Madison Adams Green Adams James Uriah Adams Joel Adams Samuel Adams (Arkansas politician) William Wirt Adams Henry Addison (mayor) Thomas Affleck (planter) D. Wyatt [22] From 1849 until 1860, Texas tried to convince the United States government to negotiate a treaty with Mexico to permit extradition of runaways, but it did not succeed. The evidence is strong, however, that in Texas slaves were generally profitable as a business investment for individual slaveholders. Texans worried constantly that the Mexicans were going to free their slaves or at least cause servile insurrection. [18] Slaveholders trying to enter Mexico would force the people they enslaved to sign contracts claiming that they owed money and would work to pay the debt. Although not considered equals in the tribes, they were generally treated well. Thus, slavery was not the immediate cause of the revolution, but the institution was always there as an issue, and the revolution made it more secure than ever in Texas. Section 9 of Constitution of the Republic of Texas read in part as follows: All persons of color who were slaves for life previous to their emigration to Texas, and who are now held in bondage, shall remain in the like state of servitude Congress shall pass no laws to prohibit emigrants from bringing their slaves into the republic with them, and holding them by the same tenure by which such slaves were held in the United States; nor shall congress have the power to emancipate slaves; nor shall any slave holder be allowed to emancipate his or her slave without the consent of congress, unless he or she shall send his or her slave or slaves without the limits of the republic. Schedule No. The freedmen are advised to remain quietly at their present homes and work for wages. Slaves adjusted their behavior to the conditions of servitude in a variety of ways. The civil rights movement led to the U.S. Congress and President Lyndon Johnson passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which protected the rights of all citizens to integrated public facilities and enforcement of voting rights. Several enslaved people ran away to serve with Mexican forces. Signup today for our free newsletter, Especially Texan. Socially, slaveholders, at least the large planters, embodied an ideal to most Texans. DAR# A105070 1. Over 30 of the fugitives made it safely to freedom in Mexico. Before being brought to Texas, enslaved persons signed contracts with their masters by which they technically became free but, in return for their "freedom," agreed that they and their children would, in effect, be indentured to the master for life. Andrew Lyda 3 8. Web1800 Slave Owners 1. The census in Many slave families, however, were disrupted. Mention is made of Henry being a judge.The following is from Rootsweb: Many enslaved people ran away. On June 19, 1865, Union General Gordon Granger and over 2,000 federal troops arrived at Galveston Island to take possession of the state and enforce the two-year-old Emancipation Proclamation. Length of residence (in state, in county, in precinct), General Remarks--race is noted when the registrant was "colored". Music and song served to set a pace for work and to express sorrow and hope (see AFRICAN-AMERICAN CHURCHES). Trying to get around the Gulf Coast, they built five barges, but in November 1528 these went aground off the coast of Texas. Slavery expanded rapidly during the period of the republic. The first census in Austin's colony in 1825 showed 443 slaves in a total population of 1,800. In 1836 Texas had approximately 5,000 enslaved persons in a total population estimated at 38,470. Few battles took place in Texas, which acted as a supply state to the Confederacy. The motivation for bringing slaves to Texas was primarily economic using their labor to grow cotton, which was by 1820 the most valuable commodity in the Atlantic world. Yet, they did not live every day in helpless rage. 4 History. [11] Under Austin's development scheme, each settler was allowed to purchase an additional 50 acres (20ha) of land for each enslaved person he brought to the territory. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. The news organization used documents from Ancestry.com to confirm the connection. [34] Unlike in most southern cities, the number of urban enslaved people in Texas grew throughout the 1850s. Cotton. For example, it subjected them to punishments, such as working on road gangs if convicted of crimes, similar to those of enslaved rather than free men. One way or another they had to endure. African Americans immediately started raising legal challenges to disfranchisement, but early Supreme Court cases, such as Giles v. Harris (1903), upheld the states. Almost certainly, however, many came to believe that they would be free if the South lost. Most worked as house servants or on farms on the edges of towns, but others served as cooks and waiters in hotels, as teamsters or boatmen, or as coachmen and skilled artisans, such as blacksmiths, carpenters, and barbers. Slaves who did not work satisfactorily or otherwise displeased their owners were commonly punished by whipping. This involves an absolute equality of personal rights and rights of property between former masters and slaves, and the connection heretofore existing between them becomes that between employer and hired labor. [17] In 1827, the legislature of Coahuila y Tejas outlawed the introduction of additional enslaved people and granted freedom at birth to all children born to an enslaved person. [20], Many enslaved people who escaped from slaveholders in Texas or in the United States joined various East Texas Indian tribes. 5.1 Biographies. Texas, Special Voter Registration, 1867-1869. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Freedmen Towns They could be bought and sold, mortgaged, and hired out. Texas 1867 Special Voter's Registration: includes information for 1867 - 1869. Slavery was a complex institution that varied according to time and place. The first non-Native slave in Texas was Estevanico, a Moor from North Africa who had been captured and enslaved by the Spanish when he was a child. Politically, slaveholders dominated public office holding at all levels. [24], Forty percent of Texas enslaved people lived on plantations along the Gulf Coast and in the East Texas river valleys, where they cultivated cotton, corn, and some sugar. If I can figure out where an earlier County Coordinator found this I will properly reference it. The census of 1850 reported 58,161 slaves, 27.4 percent of the 212,592 people in Texas, and the census of 1860 enumerated 182,566 slaves, 30.2 percent of the total population. [4] His account, along with those of the others, led to more extensive Spanish exploration of the new territory. . For a complete list, please see: American slave owners Project Profiles. A project of the University of Virginia, this database includes a sampling of some of the 2,300+ interviews The central part of the state was dominated by subsistence farmers. [11], In 1829, Mexico abolished slavery, but it granted an exception until 1830 to Texas. Freedmans Savings and Trust Company signature cards or registers from 3 March 1865 to 25 July 1874 may list the name of the depositor, date of entry, age, birthplace, residence, complexion, name of employer or occupation, wife or husbands name, death information, childrens names, name of father and mother, brothers and sisters names, remarks, and signature. William Fletcher 4 6. Although slave marriages and families had no legal protections, the majority of slaves were reared and lived day to day in a family setting. A list of resources for African American research of ancestors who lived in Texas. By 1840 there were 11,323 enslaved people in Texas. On June 25, 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down Section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act as unconstitutional,[55] a ruling which was shortly followed the implementation of Voter i.d. AAGIG@dallasgenealogy.org, "African American Records: Freedmen's Bureau," "African American Heritage,", African American Online Genealogy Records, George Washington Carver Museum and Genealogy Center, Texas State Historical Association: African Americans, The McGowan Funeral Home Records, 1956-1995, The Southern Migration of the Keeton and Chafer Family, Slavery Statutes - Texas: ca. In 1792 there were 34 blacks and 414 mulattos in Spanish Texas, some of whom were free men and women. These records often include full names, former masters and plantations, and current residences. [11] Anglo-American immigration to the province slowed at this point, with settlers angry about the changing rules. In 1829, President Vicente Guerrero issued a decree abolishing slavery in all of Mexico, but within months he exempted Texas from that order. Most of the early slaveholders owned only a few enslaved people, but a few brought enough to build plantations immediately. He Sean M. Kelley, Los Brazos de Dios: A Plantation Society in the Texas Borderlands, 1821- 1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2010). The collection is organized alphabetically by state, then city where the bank was located, then date the account was established, then account number. Planters had hundreds of enslaved people arrested and questioned forcefully. [17] Most of the settlers Austin recruited came from the southern slave-owning portions of the United States. John Robinson of Madison, Mississippi: 550 slaves. The low wages the enslaved person would receive made repayment impossible, and the debt would be inherited, even though no enslaved person would receive wages until age eighteen. The Gregory School Historical collections at The Gregory School include: Access to Houston Public Library databases and indexes Books Pamphlets Periodicals Photographs Oral history recordings Manuscripts Newspapers and clippings Personal family archives and Ephemera documenting Houstons African American History and culture. [45][i][ii][iii], Texas seceded from the United States in 1861 and joined the Confederate States of America on the eve of the American Civil War. [citation needed], June 19, the day of the Emancipation announcement, has been celebrated annually in Texas and other states as Juneteenth. [32] Some enslaved people lived among the cattlemen along the southern Gulf Coast and helped herd sheep and cattle. The white primary was another way to exclude African Americans from making electoral decisions, and it was not overturned by the Supreme Court until 1944 in Smith v. Allwright. [48], On some plantations, many enslaved people left immediately after hearing of the emancipation, even if their former owners offered to pay them wages. Samuel Murray 3 9. The men sold enslaved people to James Bowie and others, who brought them directly to a customhouse and informed on themselves. (F. Lewis/Archive Photos via Getty Images) W hen Americans think of the slave trade, they usually imagine ships pulling into East Coast harbors not Texan ones. Every penny counts! Instead, place individual profiles into the category corresponding to the county of Texas where they held enslaved persons. And when they declared independence and wrote a constitution for their new republic, they made every effort, in the words of a later Texas Supreme Court justice, to "remove all doubt and uneasiness among the citizens of Texas in regard to the tenure by which they held dominion over their slaves." Elisha Worthington of Chicot, Arkansas: 529 slaves. Both the Baptist and Methodist churches appointed missionaries to the enslaved people and allowed active participation by them. WebThe Neals, Foxes, and Timberlakes were all white families of at least moderate wealth that was dependent upon the forced labor of enslaved people. Medical care in antebellum Texas was woefully inadequate for Whites and Blacks alike, but slaves had a harder daily life and were therefore more likely to be injured or develop diseases that doctors could not treat (see HEALTH AND MEDICINE). Institute of Texas Cultures. Several confessed to a plot by white abolitionists to avenge John Brown's execution by burning food supplies and poisoning slaveowners. Sugar. Profiles are placed in this category with this text [[Category:Texas, Slave Owners]] . Early and family life Early books sometimes contained the name of the former master or mistress and the name of the plantation. He and his wife Mary moved there themselves and he died Update 12/7/2016(CLM): I have found various references of military rank from Captain to Brigadier General. The Mexican government was opposed to slavery, but even so, there At first, the practice involved primarily Apaches; eventually Comanche children were likewise "adopted" as servants. Many worked in other parts of the state as cowboys herding cattle or migrated for better opportunities in the Midwest, California, or southward to Mexico. American slavery was preeminently an economic institutiona system of unfree labor used to produce cash crops for profit. The province continued to attract free blacks and escaped enslaved people from the Southern United States. The number likely would have been larger but for the attitude of the Mexican federal and state governments. [47] The last battle of the war was fought at Palmito Ranch near Brownsville, in 1865. See the Heritage Exchange Portal for more information on how to document slaves and slave owners. Most slaves in Texas worked: On plantations and farms. For example, Jared Groce arrived from Alabama in 1822 with ninety slaves and set up a cotton plantation on the Brazos River. I think thats what was interesting about his response, is that he didnt acknowledge that there was a history there, and that was brought out, and we know a lot more about his family history and about the enslaved people his family owned, Berry says. Austin County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 0, 1) B. Bandera The great majority of slaves in Texas came with their owners from the older slave states. Rarely, an enslaved person also broke horses, but generally only white men were used for that dangerous task. Slavery was present in Spanish America and Mexico prior to the arrival of American settlers, but it was not highly developed, and the Spanish did not rely on it for labor during their years in Spanish Texas. [54] The drop in proportion of population reflected greatly-increased European immigration to the state in the 19th century, as well as population growth. [1] Estevanico accompanied his enslaver Captain Andrs Dorantes de Carranza on the Narvez expedition, which landed at present-day Tampa. It gives the county and location, a description of the house, the number of acres owned, and the number of cabins of former slaves. Although the law contained some recognition of their humanity, slaves in Texas had the legal status of personal property. Although Estevanico was still enslaved, after these events the Spaniards treated him more as an equal. They survived with the help of Castillo's faith healing among the Indians. WebAmerican Slave Narratives - An Online Anthology. Enslaved African Americans had maintained human strength and dignity even in bondage, and Texas could not have grown as it had before 1865 without the slaves' contributions. Africans and the descendants of Africans and Indians were excluded from the class of 'persons' having rights. In general, Texas slaves continued to work and live as they had before the war.